Chem 263 - Lecture Outline & Assignment #2

Readings
Problems
Outline
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Readings:

TWG Solomons and CB Fryhle "Organic Chemistry" 11th Edition (2014):

• Functional Group List on pp 76 and
• Periodic Table - Inside Front Cover (one page back from Inside Back Cover on earlier editions)
• Relative Strength of Acids and Bases on Inside Front Cover - same table page 111 (page 101 9th Edition & page 105 - 8th Edition)
• Chapter 14 – Aromatic Compounds read for overview
  • study sections 14.1 to 14.10
• Chapter 15 – Reactions of Aromatic Compounds
• Chapter 20 – Sections 20.1; 20.6C; 20.7; 20.8; (20.11 in 8th Ed or 20.9 in 9th Ed)
• Chapter 21 – Phenols and Aryl Halides – focus on structure, nomenclature, electrophilic reactions

Problems:

Do Not turn in, answers available in "Study Guide and Solutions Manual for Organic Chemistry" by Solomons and Fryhle.

Chapter 14:
practice problems 14.1; 14.3; 14.10; 14.12; 14.16; 14.17; 14.18; 14.21

Chapter 15:
practice problems15.1; 15.2; 15.5; 15.7; 15.8; 15.11; 15.17; 15.18; 15.22a; 15.24; 15.25

Chapter 20:
practice problems 20.10; 20.11; 20.13; 20.14

Chapter 21:
practice problems 21.1; 21.2; 21.13; 21.14

Lecture Outline 2: Aromaticity and Reactions of Benzene Derivatives (Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution)

1. Review of Aromaticity, Benzene, and Nomenclature
   
   
   1. Structure and Properties of Benzene
      1. Resonance Stabilization
      2. Substitution vs. Addition Reactions
         
         
   2. Annulenes and Huckel's Rule
      1. Coplanar Systems of (4n+2) pi Electrons
      2. Aromatic Ions - Acidity of Parent Compounds
         
         
   3. Other Aromatic Systems - Naphthalene, Anthracene, and Heteroaromatic Systems
      1. Five membered rings - Furan, Pyrrole, Thiophene, Imidazole
      2. Six membered rings - Pyridine, Pyrimidine
         
         
   4. Nomenclature of Monosubstituted Benzenes
      1. As Derivatives of Benzene
      2. Common names (Phenol, Aniline, Anisole, etc.)
         
         
   5. Nomenclature of Multiply-Substituted Benzenes
      1. Using Numbers and Common Names
      2. Ortho, Meta, Para Nomenclature
         
         
         
2. Electrophilic Substitution Reactions
   
   
   1. Benzene - General Mechanism
      1. Halogenation - X2
      2. Nitration - HNO3
      3. Sulfonation - SO3 .H2SO4
      4. Friedel-Crafts Alkylations - Lewis Acid + RX
      5. Friedel-Crafts Acylations - Acylium Ions from Acid Halides / Anhydrides 
      6. Use of Clemmensen Reduction (Zn/Hg and HCl) with Friedel-Crafts Acylation
         
         
   2. Effects of Substituents
      1. Activation vs. Deactivation - Electron Donating vs Electron Withdrawing Groups
      2. Orientation - (Ortho-Para vs. Meta)
      3. Inductive vs. Resonance Effects
      4. Disubstituted Benzene Reactions
         
         
         
3. Reactions of Side Chains and Substituents of Aromatic Systems
   
   
   1. Nitro to Amino to Diazonium Salts
      1. Reduction of Nitrobenzenes to Anilines and Diazotization (NaNO3 and HCl)
      2. Replacement of Diazo Group
      3. Azo Coupling and Dyes
         
         
   2. Oxidation of Alkyl Side Chains of Aromatic Compounds to Carboxylic Acids